# Tutorial: Writing Tasks

This document provides a step by step tutorial for writing tasks.

## Content

- Set up the build environment
- Write the Task
- Use the Task
- Integration with TaskAdapter
- Deriving from Apache Ant's Task
- Accessing the Task's Project
- Attributes
- Nested Text
- Nested Elements
- Our task in a little more complex version
- Test the Task
- Debugging
- Resources

## Set up the build environment

Apache Ant builds itself, we are using Ant too (why we would write a task if not? :-) therefore we should use Ant for our build.

We choose a directory as root directory. All things will be done here if I say nothing different. I will reference this directory as root-directory of our project. In this root-directory we create a text file names `build.xml`. What should Ant do for us?

- compiles my stuff
- make the jar, so that I can deploy it
- clean up everything

So the buildfile contains three targets.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <project name="MyTask" basedir="." default="jar">

        <target name="clean" description="Delete all generated files">
            <delete dir="classes"/>
            <delete file="MyTasks.jar"/>
        </target>

        <target name="compile" description="Compiles the Task">
            <javac srcdir="src" destdir="classes"/>
        </target>

        <target name="jar" description="JARs the Task">
            <jar destfile="MyTask.jar" basedir="classes"/>
        </target>

    </project>

This buildfile uses often the same value (`src`, `classes`, `MyTask.jar`), so we should rewrite that using `<property>`s. On second there are some handicaps: `<javac>` requires that the destination directory exists; a call of clean with a non existing classes directory will fail; jar requires the execution of some steps before. So the refactored code is:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <project name="MyTask" basedir="." default="jar">

        <property name="src.dir" value="src"/>
        <property name="classes.dir" value="classes"/>

        <target name="clean" description="Delete all generated files">
            <delete dir="${classes.dir}" failonerror="false"/>
            <delete file="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
        </target>

        <target name="compile" description="Compiles the Task">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}"/>
        </target>

        <target name="jar" description="JARs the Task" depends="compile">
            <jar destfile="${ant.project.name}.jar" basedir="${classes.dir}"/>
        </target>

    </project>

`ant.project.name` is one of the build-in properties [1] of Ant.

## Write the Task

Now we write the simplest Task—a HelloWorld Task (what else?). Create a text file `HelloWorld.java` in the src-directory with:

    public class HelloWorld {
        public void execute() {
            System.out.println("Hello World");
        }
    }

and we can compile and jar it with `ant` (default target is jar and via its depends attribute the compile is executed before).

## Use the Task

But after creating the jar we want to use our new Task. Therefore we need a new target use. Before we can use our new task we have to declare it with `<taskdef>` [2]. And for easier process we change the default attribute:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <project name="MyTask" basedir="." default="use">

        ...

        <target name="use" description="Use the Task" depends="jar">
            <taskdef name="helloworld" classname="HelloWorld" classpath="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
            <helloworld/>
        </target>

    </project>

Important is the classpath attribute. Ant searches in its `/lib` directory for tasks and our task isn't there. So we have to provide the right location.

Now we can type in `ant` and all should work ...

    Buildfile: build.xml

    compile:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes
        [javac] Compiling 1 source file to C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes

    jar:
          [jar] Building jar: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\MyTask.jar

    use:
    [helloworld] Hello World

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL
    Total time: 3 seconds

## Integration with TaskAdapter

Our class has nothing to do with Ant. It extends no superclass and implements no interface. How does Ant know to integrate? Via name convention: our class provides a method with signature `public void execute()`. This class is wrapped by Ant's `org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter` which is a task and uses reflection for setting a reference to the project and calling the `execute()` method.

Setting a reference to the project? Could be interesting. The Project class gives us some nice abilities: access to Ant's logging facilities getting and setting properties and much more. So we try to use that class:

    import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;

    public class HelloWorld {

        private Project project;

        public void setProject(Project proj) {
            project = proj;
        }

        public void execute() {
            String message = project.getProperty("ant.project.name");
            project.log("Here is project '" + message + "'.", Project.MSG_INFO);
        }
    }

and the execution with `ant` will show us the expected

    use:
    Here is project 'MyTask'.

## Deriving from Ant's Task

Ok, that works ... But usually you will extend `org.apache.tools.ant.Task`. That class is integrated in Ant, gets the project reference, provides documentation fields, provides easier access to the logging facility and (very useful) gives you the exact location where in the buildfile this task instance is used.

Oki-doki—let's us use some of these:

    import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;

    public class HelloWorld extends Task {
        public void execute() {
            // use of the reference to Project-instance
            String message = getProject().getProperty("ant.project.name");

            // Task's log method
            log("Here is project '" + message + "'.");

            // where this task is used?
            log("I am used in: " +  getLocation() );
        }
    }

which gives us when running

    use:
    [helloworld] Here is project 'MyTask'.
    [helloworld] I am used in: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\build.xml:23:

## Accessing the Task's Project

The parent project of your custom task may be accessed through method `getProject()`. However, do not call this from the custom task constructor, as the return value will be null. Later, when node attributes or text are set, or method `execute()` is called, the Project object is available.

Here are two useful methods from class Project:

- `String getProperty(String propertyName)`
- `String replaceProperties(String value)`

The method `replaceProperties()` is discussed further in section Nested Text.

## Attributes

Now we want to specify the text of our message (it seems that we are rewriting the `<echo/>` task :-). First we well do that with an attribute. It is very easy—for each attribute provide a `public void setAttributename(Type newValue)` method and Ant will do the rest via reflection.

    import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;
    import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;

    public class HelloWorld extends Task {

        String message;
        public void setMessage(String msg) {
            message = msg;
        }

        public void execute() {
            if (message == null) {
                throw new BuildException("No message set.");
            }
            log(message);
        }

    }

Oh, what's that in `execute()`? Throw a `BuildException`? Yes, that's the usual way to show Ant that something important is missed and complete build should fail. The string provided there is written as build-fails-message. Here it's necessary because the `log()` method can't handle a `null` value as parameter and throws a `NullPointerException`. (Of course you can initialize the message with a default string.)

After that we have to modify our buildfile:

        <target name="use" description="Use the Task" depends="jar">
            <taskdef name="helloworld"
                     classname="HelloWorld"
                     classpath="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
            <helloworld message="Hello World"/>
        </target>

That's all.

Some background for working with attributes: Ant supports any of these datatypes as arguments of the set-method:

- primitive data types like `int`, `long`, ...
- their wrapper classes like `java.lang.Integer`, `java.lang.Long`, ...
- `java.lang.String`
- some other classes (e.g. `java.io.File`; see Manual 'Writing Your Own Task' [3])
- Any Java Object parsed from Ant 1.8's Property Helper

Before calling the set-method all properties are resolved. So a `<helloworld message="${msg}"/>` would not set the message string to ${msg} if there is a property `msg` with a set value.

## Nested Text

Maybe you have used the `<echo>` task in a way like `<echo>Hello World</echo>`. For that you have to provide a `public void addText(String text)` method.

    ...
    public class HelloWorld extends Task {
        private String message;
        ...
        public void addText(String text) {
            message = text;
        }
        ...
    }

But here properties are not resolved! For resolving properties we have to use Project's `replaceProperties(String propname)` method which takes the property name as argument and returns its value (or `${propname}` if not set).

Thus, to replace properties in the nested node text, our method `addText()` can be written as:

        public void addText(String text) {
            message = getProject().replaceProperties(text);
        }

## Nested Elements

There are several ways for inserting the ability of handling nested elements. See the Manual [4] for other. We use the first way of the three described ways. There are several steps for that:

1. We create a class for collecting all the info the nested element should contain. This class is created by the same rules for attributes and nested elements as for the task (`setAttributename()` methods).
2. The task holds multiple instances of this class in a list.
3. A factory method instantiates an object, saves the reference in the list and returns it to Ant Core.
4. The `execute()` method iterates over the list and evaluates its values.

    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;
    ...
        public void execute() {
            if (message != null) log(message);
            for (Message msg : messages) {      // 4
                log(msg.getMsg());
            }
        }

        List<Message> messages = new ArrayList<>();                      // 2

        public Message createMessage() {                                 // 3
            Message msg = new Message();
            messages.add(msg);
            return msg;
        }

        public class Message {                                           // 1
            public Message() {}

            String msg;
            public void setMsg(String msg) { this.msg = msg; }
            public String getMsg() { return msg; }
        }
    ...

Then we can use the new nested element. But where is XML-name for that defined? The mapping XML-name → classname is defined in the factory method: `public classname createXML-name()`. Therefore we write in the buildfile

            <helloworld>
                <message msg="Nested Element 1"/>
                <message msg="Nested Element 2"/>
            </helloworld>

Note that if you choose to use methods 2 or 3, the class that represents the nested element must be declared as `static`

## Our task in a little more complex version

For recapitulation now a little refactored buildfile:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <project name="MyTask" basedir="." default="use">

        <property name="src.dir" value="src"/>
        <property name="classes.dir" value="classes"/>

        <target name="clean" description="Delete all generated files">
            <delete dir="${classes.dir}" failonerror="false"/>
            <delete file="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
        </target>

        <target name="compile" description="Compiles the Task">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}"/>
        </target>

        <target name="jar" description="JARs the Task" depends="compile">
            <jar destfile="${ant.project.name}.jar" basedir="${classes.dir}"/>
        </target>

        <target name="use.init"
                description="Taskdef the HelloWorld-Task"
                depends="jar">
            <taskdef name="helloworld"
                     classname="HelloWorld"
                     classpath="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
        </target>

        <target name="use.without"
                description="Use without any"
                depends="use.init">
            <helloworld/>
        </target>

        <target name="use.message"
                description="Use with attribute 'message'"
                depends="use.init">
            <helloworld message="attribute-text"/>
        </target>

        <target name="use.fail"
                description="Use with attribute 'fail'"
                depends="use.init">
            <helloworld fail="true"/>
        </target>

        <target name="use.nestedText"
                description="Use with nested text"
                depends="use.init">
            <helloworld>nested-text</helloworld>
        </target>

        <target name="use.nestedElement"
                description="Use with nested 'message'"
                depends="use.init">
            <helloworld>
                <message msg="Nested Element 1"/>
                <message msg="Nested Element 2"/>
            </helloworld>
        </target>

        <target name="use"
                description="Try all (w/out use.fail)"
                depends="use.without,use.message,use.nestedText,use.nestedElement"/>

    </project>

And the code of the task:

    import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;
    import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.List;

    /**
     * The task of the tutorial.
     * Print a message or let the build fail.
     * @since 2003-08-19
     */
    public class HelloWorld extends Task {

        /** The message to print. As attribute. */
        String message;
        public void setMessage(String msg) {
            message = msg;
        }

        /** Should the build fail? Defaults to false. As attribute. */
        boolean fail = false;
        public void setFail(boolean b) {
            fail = b;
        }

        /** Support for nested text. */
        public void addText(String text) {
            message = text;
        }

        /** Do the work. */
        public void execute() {
            // handle attribute 'fail'
            if (fail) throw new BuildException("Fail requested.");

            // handle attribute 'message' and nested text
            if (message != null) log(message);

            // handle nested elements
            for (Message msg : messages) {
                log(msg.getMsg());
            }
        }

        /** Store nested 'message's. */
        List<Message> messages = new ArrayList<>();

        /** Factory method for creating nested 'message's. */
        public Message createMessage() {
            Message msg = new Message();
            messages.add(msg);
            return msg;
        }

        /** A nested 'message'. */
        public class Message {
            // Bean constructor
            public Message() {}

            /** Message to print. */
            String msg;
            public void setMsg(String msg) { this.msg = msg; }
            public String getMsg() { return msg; }
        }

    }

And it works:

    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask>ant
    Buildfile: build.xml

    compile:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes
        [javac] Compiling 1 source file to C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes

    jar:
          [jar] Building jar: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\MyTask.jar

    use.init:

    use.without:

    use.message:
    [helloworld] attribute-text

    use.nestedText:
    [helloworld] nested-text

    use.nestedElement:
    [helloworld]
    [helloworld]
    [helloworld]
    [helloworld]
    [helloworld] Nested Element 1
    [helloworld] Nested Element 2

    use:

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL
    Total time: 3 seconds
    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask>ant use.fail
    Buildfile: build.xml

    compile:

    jar:

    use.init:

    use.fail:

    BUILD FAILED
    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\build.xml:36: Fail requested.

    Total time: 1 second
    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask>

Next step: test ...

## Test the Task

We have written a test already: the use.* targets in the buildfile. But it's difficult to test that automatically. Commonly (and in Ant) JUnit is used for that. For testing tasks Ant provides a JUnit Rule `org.apache.tools.ant.BuildFileRule`. This class provides some for testing tasks useful methods: initialize Ant, load a buildfile, execute targets, capture debug and run logs ...

In Ant it is usual that the testcase has the same name as the task with a prepended `Test`, therefore we will create a file `HelloWorldTest.java`. Because we have a very small project we can put this file into `src` directory (Ant's own testclasses are in `/src/testcases/...`). Because we have already written our tests for "hand-test" we can use that for automatic tests, too. All test supporting classes are a part of the binary distribution of Ant since Ant 1.7.0 in form of `ant-testutil.jar`. You can also build the jar file from source distro with target "test-jar".

For executing the test and creating a report we need the optional tasks `<junit>` and `<junitreport>`. So we add to the buildfile:

    <project name="MyTask" basedir="." default="test">
    ...
        <property name="ant.test.lib" value="ant-testutil.jar"/>
        <property name="report.dir"   value="report"/>
        <property name="junit.out.dir.xml"  value="${report.dir}/junit/xml"/>
        <property name="junit.out.dir.html" value="${report.dir}/junit/html"/>

        <path id="classpath.run">
            <path path="${java.class.path}"/>
            <path location="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
        </path>

        <path id="classpath.test">
            <path refid="classpath.run"/>
            <path location="${ant.test.lib}"/>
        </path>

        <target name="clean" description="Delete all generated files">
            <delete failonerror="false" includeEmptyDirs="true">
                <fileset dir="." includes="${ant.project.name}.jar"/>
                <fileset dir="${classes.dir}"/>
                <fileset dir="${report.dir}"/>
            </delete>
        </target>

        <target name="compile" description="Compiles Vector the Task">
            <mkdir dir="${classes.dir}"/>
            <javac srcdir="${src.dir}" destdir="${classes.dir}" classpath="${ant.test.lib}"/>
        </target>
    ...
        <target name="junit" description="Runs the unit tests" depends="jar">
            <delete dir="${junit.out.dir.xml}"/>
            <mkdir  dir="${junit.out.dir.xml}"/>
            <junit printsummary="yes" haltonfailure="no">
                <classpath refid="classpath.test"/>
                <formatter type="xml"/>
                <batchtest fork="yes" todir="${junit.out.dir.xml}">
                    <fileset dir="${src.dir}" includes="**/*Test.java"/>
                </batchtest>
            </junit>
        </target>

        <target name="junitreport" description="Create a report for the rest result">
            <mkdir dir="${junit.out.dir.html}"/>
            <junitreport todir="${junit.out.dir.html}">
                <fileset dir="${junit.out.dir.xml}">
                    <include name="*.xml"/>
                </fileset>
                <report format="frames" todir="${junit.out.dir.html}"/>
            </junitreport>
        </target>

        <target name="test"
                depends="junit,junitreport"
                description="Runs unit tests and creates a report"/>
    ...
    </project>

Back to the `src/HelloWorldTest.java`. We create a class with a public `BuildFileRule` field annotated with JUnit's `@Rule` annotation. As per conventional JUnit4 tests, this class should have no constructors, nor a default no-args constructor, setup methods should be annotated with `@Before`, tear down methods annotated with `@After` and any test method annotated with `@Test`.

    import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildFileRule;
    import org.junit.Assert;
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.Before;
    import org.junit.Rule;
    import org.apache.tools.ant.AntAssert;
    import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;

    public class HelloWorldTest {

        @Rule
        public final BuildFileRule buildRule = new BuildFileRule();

        @Before
        public void setUp() {
            // initialize Ant
            buildRule.configureProject("build.xml");
        }

        @Test
        public void testWithout() {
            buildRule.executeTarget("use.without");
            assertEquals("Message was logged but should not.", buildRule.getLog(), "");
        }

        public void testMessage() {
            // execute target 'use.nestedText' and expect a message
            // 'attribute-text' in the log
            buildRule.executeTarget("use.message");
            Assert.assertEquals("attribute-text", buildRule.getLog());
        }

        @Test
        public void testFail() {
            // execute target 'use.fail' and expect a BuildException
            // with text 'Fail requested.'
            try {
               buildRule.executeTarget("use.fail");
               fail("BuildException should have been thrown as task was set to fail");
            } catch (BuildException ex) {
                Assert.assertEquals("fail requested", ex.getMessage());
            }

        }

        @Test
        public void testNestedText() {
            buildRule.executeTarget("use.nestedText");
            Assert.assertEquals("nested-text", buildRule.getLog());
        }

        @Test
        public void testNestedElement() {
            buildRule.executeTarget("use.nestedElement");
            AntAssert.assertContains("Nested Element 1", buildRule.getLog());
            AntAssert.assertContains("Nested Element 2", buildRule.getLog());
        }
    }

When starting `ant` we'll get a short message to STDOUT and a nice HTML report.

    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask>ant
    Buildfile: build.xml

    compile:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes
        [javac] Compiling 2 source files to C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\classes

    jar:
          [jar] Building jar: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\MyTask.jar

    junit:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\report\junit\xml
        [junit] Running HelloWorldTest
        [junit] Tests run: 5, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Time elapsed: 2,334 sec

    junitreport:
        [mkdir] Created dir: C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask\report\junit\html
    [junitreport] Using Xalan version: Xalan Java 2.4.1
    [junitreport] Transform time: 661ms

    test:

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL
    Total time: 7 seconds
    C:\tmp\anttests\MyFirstTask>

## Debugging

Try running Ant with the flag `-verbose`. For more information, try flag `-debug`.

For deeper issues, you may need to run the custom task code in a Java debugger. First, get the source for Ant and build it with debugging information.

Since Ant is a large project, it can be a little tricky to set the right breakpoints. Here are two important breakpoints for version 1.8:

- Initial `main()` function: `org.apache.tools.ant.launch.Launcher.main()`
- Task entry point: `org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute()`

If you need to debug when a task attribute or the text is set, begin by debugging into method `execute()` of your custom task. Then set breakpoints in other methods. This will ensure the class bytecode has been loaded by JVM.

## Resources

This tutorial and its resources are available via BugZilla [5]. The ZIP provided there contains

- this initial version of this tutorial
- the buildfile (last version)
- the source of the task (last version)
- the source of the unit test (last version)
- the ant-testutil.jar (nightly build of 2003-08-18)
- generated classes
- generated jar
- generated reports

The last sources and the buildfile are also available here [6] inside the manual.

Used Links:

1. https://ant.apache.org/manual/properties.html#built-in-props
2. https://ant.apache.org/manual/Tasks/taskdef.html
3. https://ant.apache.org/manual/develop.html#set-magic
4. https://ant.apache.org/manual/develop.html#nested-elements
5. https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=22570
6. tutorial-writing-tasks-src.zip